What are fixed values written directly in the code that represent constant data called?

Fixed values that are embedded directly within code to represent constant data are termed literals. A literal is a notation for representing a fixed value in a programming language. For example, when you write a number like 42 or a string like "hello" directly in your code, those are considered literals because they represent specific constant values that do not change during program execution.

The concept of literals is fundamental in programming, as they allow developers to define values for variables, perform calculations, or represent strings. Understanding literals helps in comprehending how data is handled in programming and how different types of data (like numbers, strings, booleans, etc.) can be directly utilized within the code.

Other terms, while related, do not accurately describe fixed values as literals do. Variables, for instance, hold data that can change, and constants are typically defined using a variable-like syntax that indicates their values should not change throughout the program's execution, but they are not referred to as literals themselves. In contrast, a reference usually pertains to a location in memory rather than a direct fixed value.